Guitar Wiring FAQs

What is the difference between 250K & 500K pots?
Either 250K or 500K pots can be used with any passive pickups however the pot values will affect tone slightly. The rule is: Using higher value pots (500K) will give the guitar a brighter sound and lower value pots (250K) will give the guitar a slightly warmer sound. This is because higher value pots put less of a load on the pickups which prevents treble frequencies from "bleeding" to ground through the pot and being lost. For this reason, guitars with humbuckers like Les Pauls use 500K pots to retain more highs for a slightly brighter tone and guitars with single coils like Stratocasters and Telecasters use 250K pots to add some warmth by slightly reducing the highs. You can also fine tune the sound by changing the pot values regardless of what pot value the guitar originally had.

What is the difference between Audio and Linear taper pots?
Audio and Linear taper pots have the same total resistance but differ in which position of rotation the pot will reach the 50% value. Linear pots  are usually marked with a B or Lin (examples 250KB, B250K, 250K Lin) and will reach 50% of its total resistance in the 50% rotation point. Audio taper pots are usually marked with an A or Aud (examples 500KA, A500K 500K Aud) and will decrease most of the resistance in the last 50% of the rotation. This can give a more gradual audio reduction is some cases. Some manufactures like Fender use Audio taper pots for both volume and tone controls. Gibson on the other hand uses linear taper pots for both volume and tone. And still others use Linar taper pots for volume and Audio taper pots for tone. However, if a problem of exists where a volume or tone pot has no effect on the sound, try a changing the taper. How to check the taper with an ohm meter: Set the pot to the center position (50% rotation) and measure the resistance between the center pin and each of the outer pins. If the the resistance is equal (50% of the pots value) the pot is linear. If the values are not equal, the pot is an Audio taper.
   

What is a Fender TBX tone control and how does it work?
Some Fender guitars come equipped with a special pot called a TBX Tone Control T (treble) B (bass) X Expander(Cut) that cuts either treble or bass instead of a tone pot that cuts treble frequencies only. This is done with a ganged 500K-1M ohm control pot that is wired to work as a low-pass filter in one direction and a high-pass filter in the opposite direction. A center detent in the middle position is provided for the off or "flat" position. Although Fender altered their Start tone configuration to have the TBX control the middle and bridge pickups, it can be also be wired as a master treble/bass control. The TBX can also be used in place of any standard tone control on any guitar.

What is a Fender No Load tone control and how does it work?
The Fender No Load Pot is used on some USA Strats, Teles and Fender basses and is wired like a standard tone control. From settings 1-9 it works like a standard tone then clicks in at 10 (full clockwise/ bright setting) and removes the pot and capacitor from the circuit. This eliminates the path to ground that exists with standard pots even in the full treble position. By eliminating the path to ground thru the pot, the only load on the pickup is the volume pot. So if 250K pots are used, the load is reduced from 125K to 250K and if 500K pots are used, the load is reduced from 250K to 500K (high resistance = low load) The reduced load allows more power output from he pickup and reduces the amount of high frequencies that bleed off to ground. This gives a noticeable increase in brightness and output in the full treble setting. The no load pot can be used in place of any standard tone control on any guitar or bass.

How do I choose the right tone capacitor for my guitar and bass?
Most guitars and basses with passive pickups use between .01 and .1MFD (Microfarad) tone capacitors with .02 (or .022) and .05 (or .047) being the most common choices. The capacitor and tone pot are wired together to provide a variable low pass filter. This means when the filter is engaged (tone pot is turned) only the low frequencies pass to the output jack and the high frequencies are grounded out (cut) In this application, the capacitor value determines the "cutoff frequency" of the filter and the position of the tone pot determines how much the highs (everything above the cutoff frequency) will be reduced. So the rule is: Larger capacitors will have lower cutoff frequency and sound darker in the bass setting because a wider range of frequencies is being reduced. Smaller capacitors will have a higher cutoff frequency and sound brighter in the bass setting because only the ultra high frequencies are cut. For this reason, dark sounding guitars like Les Pauls with humbuckers typically use .02MFD (or .022MFD) capacitors to cut off less of the highs and guitars like Strats and Teles with single coils typically use .05MFD capacitors to allow more treble to be rolled off. Keep in mind that the capacitor value only affects the sound when the tone control is being used (pot in the bass setting) The tone capacitor value will have little to no effect on the sound when the tone pot is in the treble setting.

Does the number of control pots used affect the sound?
Yes: Since the load on the pickups is determined by the total parallel resistance of all pots that are being used at a time, using fewer pots will reduce the overall load and give a slightly brighter sound. Also, connecting more pots is the same as using lower value pots, two 500K pots will loose or "bleed" the same amount of treble frequencies as one 250K pot. To lessen the effect, switching should be designed (when possible ) to remove pots from the circuit when the related pickup is not selected. An example of this is the Les Paul: bridge controls are out of the circuit when in the selector is in the neck position and the neck controls are out of the circuit when the selector is in the bridge position.

What does a volume "treble bleed" capacitor do?
A volume "treble bleed" (sometimes called treble bypass) capacitor is used on a volume control pot to prevent treble frequency loss as the volume pot is turned down. This is done by placing a small capacitor (usually .001 MFD) between the input and output terminals of the volume control pot. As the volume is reduced, the capacitor allows high frequencies to bleed through to the output and keeps the tone from getting muddy at lower volume settings.         

What is the difference between single & four wire humbuckers?
Single wire humbuckers, (also called single conductor) have the link between the two individual coils hard wired together internally. They also have one coil lead hard wired to ground. This means the pickup can not be coil split, reverse phased or switched to parallel. These pickups usually have a metal braided coaxial output wire. (braid=ground and the center wire=hot) Four wire humbuckers have both wires from each coil plus a ground wire (usually bare wire) all in one cable to allow the coils to be split, reverse phase or switched to parallel with custom and optional switching. For standard humbucker wiring (series-in phase) two of the wires (series link/ coil tap wires) are connected together and the remaining two wires are used as hot and ground. (the wire used as the ground is combined with the bare ground wire and soldered to the back of the volume pot or other ground spot. The wire used as hot is soldered to the pickup switch or volume pot.

What are the differences between coil tap, series/parallel & reverse phase?
With a single 4 wire humbucker, there are six possible modes.
1. Series-In Phase This is the standard humbucker wiring. Maximum power output with strong bass and smooth attack. (hum canceling)
2. Single Coil (South) Just the South coil of the pickup alone. Good traditional single coil tone with a sharper attack. (not hum canceling) Use in combination (series or parallel) humbucker in "North coil mode" or a standard single coil (north) for a hum canceling Strat/ P.R.S. style tone.
3. Single Coil (North) Just north coil of the pickup alone. Almost the same tone as the south coil but slightly different due to its different position. (not hum canceling) Use in combination (series or parallel) with another humbucker in "South coil mode" or a standard single coil (South) for a hum canceling Strat/P.R.S. style of tone.
4. Parallel-In Phase Great single coil style tone with no hum. Best option for clean, bright tone without the noise of standard single coil wiring. Strong treble with crisp attack but lower power output. (hum canceling)
 5. Series-Out of Phase Thin "phased" sound with good power. Great for funk. (not hum canceling)
6. Parallel-Out of Phase Thinner "phased" sound with low power. (not hum canceling)

What's the difference between standard audio taper pots and reverse audio "lefty"pots?

The differrnce is the direction of the Logarithmic (audio or A) taper which is inverted (reverse log or C) to accomodate the reversed or "lefty" operation. Keep in mind that for a pot to operate in reverse (left-handed), it still must be wired in reverse of the standard right-handed wiring. However there is a common missunderstanding regarding what the “reverse” aspect of a lefty pot is. Specifically, there is confusion between the DIRECTION OF TAPER and the DIRECTION OF OPEATION. The direction of rotation that a pot operates in is strictly determined by how it is wired, not the standard or reversed taper. What makes a pot left-handed is the reversed aspecst of the logarithmic taper. In a guitar volume circuit, a audio taper (log) pot reaches about 10% of its total resistance between the wiper and ground at the 50% rotation point when wired as intended (right-handed). If a standard audio pot were wired for reverse/left hand operation, it would reach 90% of its total resistance between the wiper and ground at the 50% rotation point which results in the "all or nothing" effect. To accommodate the reverse wiring required to make the pot operate left-handed, a reverse Audio or “lefty” taper is used so that the Logarithmic taper matches the reversed operation (determined by the reverse wiring) and the pot will reach 10% of its total resistance between the wiper and ground at the 50% rotation point as intended. 

So, if you are a lefty player and want your pots to opertae in the reverse direction of the a right handed guitar (most common) use left handed or "reverse audio" pots and wire them in reverse of the standard right handed wirirng. But if want your pots to operate in the same direction as a right handed guitar, use standard audio taper pots and wire them in the standard right handed manor. 

If you are using Linear taper pots (B Taper) you can wire them in either direction and they will work the same since a linear taper pot reached 50% of ist resistance at the 50% rotation point alowing it to worh the same in either direction.